How to take backup/convert production Linux system without downtime P2V, Image to VHD,VMDK & VDI

How to take backup/convert production Linux system P2V
without downtime

    Today, we are going to learn How to take backup/convert production Linux system without downtime. Most of all thinking that some tools are requires to converting physical system to any Virtual system.

Actually the requirement is same disk size of source disk (Production system). Either same size of hard disk or higher/external disk is better to copy any ware

Then check hard disk

# fdisk –l

Here I am using external hard disk for conversion

# dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/run/media/filename.img bs=4M

If wont to zip the file

# dd if=/dev/sda |gzip > /mnt/run/media/filename.img bs=4M

This procedure will take several time to complete.

Oracle Virtual box should be installed for this activity to convert DD image to any Virtual system

For Virtual Box, Do this command

I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VDI sourcefile.dd    filename.VDI

For Vmware EXi , Do this command

I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VMDK sourcefile.dd     filename.VMDK

For Hyper-V, Do this command


I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VHD sourcefile.dd       filename.VHD

Press Enter to start the conversion. Wait about serveral minute or so while the conversion takes place, and then create the new virtual machine with the VDI file.

Then Open VirtualBox.

New->Create New Virtual Machine

Change require configuration for the virtual machine as per your image backup,then choose the converted VDI file

Select VID file

Here you can see the screen of converted production system booting..

How to convert Linux dd .img to .VDI,VMDK,VHD, with VIrtualBox Command

How to convert Linux dd .img to .VDI,VMDK,VHD


       We will Learn useful one, about how to convert IMG Files to VDI,VMDK,VHD format for Oracle VirtualBox,Vmware and XenCenter


First We have to take Image from Linux System and It will take several time.

Step By Step procedure


Click Run -> cmd -> Enter

Notice that Windows open a DOS window. Then go to dd image drive

Oracle Virtual box should be installed for this activity

For Virtual Box, Do this command

I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VDI sourcefile.dd    filename.VDI

For Vmware EXi , Do this command


I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VMDK sourcefile.dd     filename.VMDK

For Hyper-V, Do this command


I:\>VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VHD sourcefile.dd       filename.VHD

Press Enter to start the conversion. Wait about serveral minute or so while the conversion takes place, and then create the new virtual machine with the VDI file.

HOW TO USE GIT COMMANDS,learn basic git

We are going learn how to import a new project into Git, make changes to it, and share changes with other developers.

1. Need create git account from git hub

https://github.com/join?source=header-home

2. Login git hub and create one remote branch

3. Now create one project folder

4. first initialize git -with command

#git init  

Now its created empty local repository

5. # git status 

Then create program files in this directory.

6. assume that create any sample program to commit here

7. # git status to check recent created file -not added to local repo

8. # git add filename

Exm:- git add test.htm

9. # git commit -m "first commit"filename

changes to commit --- -m for message to commit

One file committed to local git repo

Then create one user and mail id

# git config --global user.name "Name Here"
# git config --global user.email domain.example.com

Then push the files to remote repository

# git push filename

It will appeared in remote repository

Difference between UTP and STP Cables

Network Cable Types

Overview:

A network is defined as two or more computers linked together for the purpose of communicating and sharing information and other resources. Most networks are constructed around a cable connection that links the computers. This connection permits the computers to talk (and listen) through a wire.

Types of Networking Cables:

The three main types of networking cables are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable and fiber optic cable.

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cable is made of two conductors that share the same axis; the center is a copper wire that is insulated by a plastic coating and then wrapped with an outer conductor (usually a wire braid). This outer conductor around the insulation serves as electrical shielding for the signal being carried by the inner conductor. A tough insulating plastic tube outside the outer conductor provides physical and electrical protection. At one time, coaxial cable was the most widely used network cabling. However, with improvements and the lower cost of twisted-pair cables, it has lost its popularity.

There are two types of coaxial cable.

1. ThickNet
2. ThinNet

ThickNet:

Thick Net is about .38 inches in diameter. This makes it a better conductor, and it can carry a signal about 1640 feet (500 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer. The disadvantage of ThickNet over ThinNet is that it is more difficult to work with. The ThickNet version is also known as standard Ethernet cable.

Thin Net:

Thin Net is the easiest to use. It is about .25 inches in diameter, making it flexible and easy to work with (it is similar to the material commonly used for cable TV). ThinNet can carry a signal about 605 feet (185 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer.

Name	Description	Type	Segment	Speed
10Base2	ThinNet	Coaxial	185 meters	10 Mbps
10Base5	ThickNet	Coaxial	500 meters	10 Mbps

Coaxial cable can only be used with a BNC (bayonet-Neill-Concelman) connector. The following image will show you a BNC connector.

Twisted-Pair Cable:

Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other to form a pair. One or more twisted pairs are used in a twisted-pair cable. The purpose of twisting the wires is to eliminate electrical interference from other wires and outside sources such as motors. Twisting the wires cancels any electrical noise from the adjacent pair. The more twists per linear foot, the greater the effect.

There are two types of twisted pair cable.

1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

The only difference between STP and UTP is that STP has a foil or wire braid wrapped around the individual wires of the pairs. The shielding is designed to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to crosstalk. The STP cable uses a woven-copper braided jacket, which is a higher-quality, more protective jacket than UTP.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cabling that contains no shielding. UTP cables can be divided further into following categories:

Category1	Traditional telephone cable. Carries voice but not data
Category2	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). It has four twisted pairs
Category3	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category4	Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 16 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category5	Certified for data transmission of up to 100 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs of copper wire
Category6	Offers transmission speeds up to 155 Mbps
Category7	Category 7 is a proposed standard that aims to support transmission at frequencies up to 600 MHz

Twisted-pair cable has several advantages over other types of cable (coaxial and fiberoptic): It is readily available, easy to install, and inexpensive. Among its disadvantages are its sensitivity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), its susceptibility to eavesdropping, its lack of support for communication at distances of greater than 100 feet, and its requirement of a hub (multiple network connection point) if it is to be used with more than two computers. Twisted pair cables use RJ45 connector.

NETWORK CABLE TYPES

Name	Description	Type	Segment	Speed
10BaseT	Common; being phased out for 100BaseT	UTP	.5 to 100 meters	10 Mbps
100BaseT	Common	Twisted-pair	.5 to 100 meters	100 Mbps

Fiberoptic Cable:

Fiberoptic cable is made of light-conducting glass or plastic fibers. It can carry data signals in the form of modulated pulses of light. The plastic-core cables are easier to install but do not carry signals as far as glass-core cables. Multiple fiber cores can be bundled in the center of the protective tubing.

When both material and installation costs are taken into account, fiberoptic cable can prove to be no more expensive than twisted-pair or coaxial cable. Fiber has some advantages over copper wire: It is immune to EMI and detection outside the cable and provides a reliable and secure transmission media. It also supports very high bandwidths (the amount of information the cable can carry), so it can handle thousands of times more data than twisted-pair or coaxial cable.Cable lengths can run from .25 to 2.0 kilometers depending on the fiberoptic cable and network. If you need to network multiple buildings, this should be the cable of choice. Fiberoptic cable systems require the use of fiber-compatible NICs.

Network Topologies BUS,STAR,RING,HYBRID & MESH

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Topology : It is a physical arrangement of the computer systems in a network or physical establishment of networks.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGY

1. BUS TOPOLOGY: Past.

2. STAR TOPOLOGY: Presently.

3. RING TOPOLOGY: Used For IBM.

4. HYBRID TOPOLOGY: It Is The Combination Of Any Two Topologies.

5. MESH TOPOLOGY: It Is The Combination Of All Types Of Topology.

BUS TOPOLOGY

1. BUS TOPOLOGY CABLES: -

      In this topology we are using co – axial cable.

Ex: - star television cable.

Co – axial cables are of 2 types : -

Thin co–axial cable: - 0.25 inches thin, data transfer rate is (10 MBPS / 200 MBPS ).

Thick co–axial cable: - 0.50 inches thick, data transfer rate is (10 MBPS / 500 MBPS ).

CONNECTION IN BUS TOPOLOGY : -

NIC connector with BNC NIC: Network Interface Card. BNC: British Navigator Connector.

 Architecture Of The Bus Topology : -

4 DIS – advantages of bus topology : -

1. Too much collusion is available due to traffic jam.

2. No security and permissions are available.

3. If in the network one computer is not working all computers will be collapsed.

Star Topology

Now a days in so many places we are using star topology

1. Star topology connectors : -

1. NIC card with rj-45 (removed jack) connector.

2. Rj-45 clip.

3. Central interface device: - ex: repeaters, hub and switches.

2. Star topology cables : -

1. UTP cable: It is a un-shielded twisted pair cable , which have 8 – wire

(4-pairs) cable

2. Data transfer speed is 100 mbps / 256 mbps.

3. The cable is twisted, to stop the cross linking and to flow the data in a straight line.

Twisted pair cables have some category:

Cat 1 cat 2	These are Tele-Phone wires, having two wires.
Cat 3 ( 4 mbps) cat 4 ( 16 Mbps)	These are used in ring topology, these are called as S.T.P wires having 4 wires
Cat 5 ( 100 Mbps ) cat 6 ( 256 Mbps )	These are used in star topology, these are called as U.T.P wires having 8 wires.

RING TOPOLOGY

1. Used in IBM computers.
2. Uses S.T.P cables.
3. S.T.P cables have 4 wires {2 pairs}.
4. It is multi station access unit.
5. Based on token policy, token – 6 bit data address.
6. Data transmission speed is 4 mbps/16 mbps.

Hybrid topology

A network topology that uses two or more network Topolgy
The Physical Hybrid Topology

With the hybrid Topology, two or more topologies are combined to form a complete network. For example, a hybrid Topology could be the combination of a star and bus topology. These are also the most common in use.

Star-Bus

In a star-bus topology, several star topology networks are linked to a bus connection. In this topology, if a computer fails, it will not affect the rest of the network. However, if the central component, or hub, that attaches all computers in a star, fails, then you have big problems since no computer will be able to communicate.

Start-Ring

In the Star-Ring topology, the computers are connected to a central component as in a star network. These components, however, are wired to form a ring network.

Like the star-bus topology, if a single computer fails, it will not affect the rest of the network. By using token passing, each computer in a star-ring topology has an equal chance of communicating. This allows for greater network traffic between segments than in a star-bus topology.

The Physical Mesh Topology

In a Mesh Topology each computer is connected to every other computer by a separate cable. This configuration provides redundant paths through the new work, so if one computer blows up, you don't lose the network :) On a large scale, you can connect multiple LANs using mesh topology with leased telephone lines, Thicknet coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.

Again, the big advantage of this topology is its backup capabilities by providing multiple paths through the network.

Windows run commands ,Run shortcuts 200

Windows Run Command List

1. Accessibility Controls – access.cpl
2. Accessibility Wizard – accwiz
3. Add Hardware – Wizardhdwwiz.cpl
4. Add/Remove Programs – appwiz.cpl
5. Administrative Tools control – admintools
6. Adobe Acrobat (if installed) – acrobat
7. Adobe Designer (if installed)- acrodist
8. Adobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodist
9. Adobe ImageReady (if installed)- imageready
10. Adobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshop
11. Automatic Updates – wuaucpl.cpl
12. Bluetooth Transfer Wizard -fsquirt
13. Calculator – calc
14. Certificate Manager –certmgr.msc
15. Character Map – charmap
16. Check Disk Utility – chkdsk
17. Clipboard Viewer – clipbrd
18. Command Prompt – cmd
19. Component Services – dcomcnfg
20. Computer Management – compmgmt.msc
21. Control Panel – control
22. Date and Time Properties – timedate.cpl
23. DDE Shares – ddeshare
24. Device Manager – devmgmt.msc
25. Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cpl
26. Direct X Troubleshooter- dxdiag
27. Disk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgr
28. Disk Defragment- dfrg.msc
29. Disk Management- diskmgmt.msc
30. Disk Partition Manager- diskpart
31. Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control color
32. Display Properties- control desktop
33. Display Properties- desk.cpl
34. Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32
35. Driver Verifier Utility- verifier
36. Event Viewer- eventvwr.msc
37. File Signature Verification Tool- sigverif
38. Files and Settings Transfer Tool- migwiz
39. Findfast- findfast.cpl
40. Firefox (if installed)- firefox
41. Folders Properties- control folders
42. Fonts- control fonts
43. Fonts Folder- fonts
44. Free Cell Card Game- freecell
45. Game Controllers- joy.cpl
46. Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.msc
47. Hearts Card Game- mshearts
48. Help and Support- helpctr
49. HyperTerminal- hypertrm
50. Iexpress Wizard- iexpress
51. Indexing Service- ciadv.msc
52. Internet Connection Wizard- icwconn1
53. Internet Explorer- iexplore
54. Internet Properties- inetcpl.cpl
55. Internet Setup Wizard- inetwiz
56. IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdns
57. IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) – ipconfi/all
58. IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassid
59. IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydns
60. IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid
61. IP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /release
62. IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renew
63. IP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdns
64. Java Control Panel (If Installed)- javaws
65. Java Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cpl
66. Keyboard Properties – control keyboard
67. Local Security Settings – secpol.msc
68. Local Users and Groups – lusrmgr.msc
69. Logs You Out Of Windows – logoff…..
70. Malicious Software Removal Tool – mrt
71. Microsoft Access (if installed) – access.cpl
72. Microsoft Chat – winchat
73. Microsoft Excel (if installed) – excel
74. Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg
75. Microsoft Movie Maker – moviemk
76. Microsoft Paint – mspaint
77. Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt
78. Microsoft Syncronization Tool – mobsync
79. Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword
80. Minesweeper Game – winmine
81. Mouse Properties – control mouse
82. Mouse Properties – main.cpl
83. Nero (if installed)- nero
84. Netmeeting – conf
85. Network Connections – control netconnections
86. Network Connections – ncpa.cpl
87. Network Setup Wizard – netsetup.cpl
88. Notepad – notepad
89. Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cpl
90. Object Packager – packager
91. ODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cpl
92. On Screen Keyboard – osk
93. Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) – ac3filter.cpl
94. Outlook Express – msimn
95. Paint – pbrush
96. Password Properties – password.cpl
97. Performance Monitor – perfmon.msc
98. Phone and Modem Options – telephon.cpl
99. Phone Dialer – dialer
100. Pinball Game – pinball
101. Power Configuration – powercfg.cpl
102. Printers and Faxes – control printers
103. Printers Folder – printers
104. Private Character Editor – eudcedit
105. Quicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cpl
106. Real Player (if installed)- realplay
107. Regional Settings – intl.cpl
108. Registry Editor – regedit
109. Registry Editor – regedit32
110. Remote Access Phonebook – rasphone
111. Remote Desktop – mstsc
112. Removable Storage – ntmsmgr.msc
113. Removable Storage Operator Requests – ntmsoprq.msc
114. Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) – rsop.msc
115. Scanners and Cameras – sticpl.cpl
116. Scheduled Tasks – control schedtasks
117. Security Center – wscui.cpl
118. Services – services.msc
119. Shared Folders – fsmgmt.msc
120. Shuts Down Windows – shutdown
121. Sounds and Audio – mmsys.cpl
122. Spider Solitare Card Game – spider
123. SQL Client Configuration – cliconfg
124. System Configuration Editor – sysedit
125. System Configuration Utility – msconfig
126. System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecache
127. System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revert
128. System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannow
129. System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) – sfc /scanboot
130. System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonce
131. System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x
132. System Information – msinfo32.
133. System Properties – sysdm.cpl
134. Task Manager – taskmgr
135. Task Manager – taskmgr
136. TCP Tester – tcptest
137. Telnet Client – telnet
138. Tweak UI (if installed) – tweakui
139. User Account Management- nusrmgr.cpl
140. Utility Manager – utilman
141. Windows Address Book – wab
142. Windows Address Book Import Utility – wabmig
143. Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup
144. Windows Explorer – explorer
145. Windows Firewall- firewall.cpl
146. Windows Magnifier- magnify
147. Windows Management Infrastructure – wmimgmt.msc
148. Windows Media Player – wmplayer
149. Windows Messenger – msmsgs
150. Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr
151. Windows System Security Tool – syskey
152. Windows Update Launches – wupdmgr
153. Windows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver
154. Windows XP Tour Wizard – tourstart
155. Wordpad – write

How To Disable USB Removable Mass Storage Device Drive Access in Windows

It’s possible to simply disable USB ports support in PC BIOS in order to prevent and forbid computer user from using USB removable flash drive or mass storage device (portable hard disk drive) to copy and transfer data and files. However, disabling USB ports totally also shutdown the ability for system to use USB based keyboard, mouse, webcam, printer, scanner and etc, which has become a common connectivity norm in modern computer.As a workaround, use the following registry hack to stop USB Mass Storage Device drivers from starting when the system boots up.
Run Registry Editor (regedit).
Navigate to the following registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStorIn the right pane, double click on the Start value name.
Change the value data to 4 to disable the removable USB mass storage device drive access.

To revert and re-enable the drive access for removable USB mass storage device driver, change back the value data for Start to its original default of 3.
The change will take effect immediately to block any USB mass storage device such as USB flash drive, USB key and portable harddisk from been used in the system, while still allowing hardware components to work properly via USB connection. The hack works in most Windows operating system such as Windows Vista, XP, Windows Server 2008, 2003 and 2000.